Introduction and aims S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AHCY) deficiency is a disorder caused by lowered enzymatic activity of AHCY protein due to the mutations in ahcy gene. AHCY has a key role in proper functioning of the methionine cycle in cell, therefore the lack of AHCY function causes severe metabolic disorder. Since AHCY is a single enzyme that hydrolyses SAH, a strong inhibitor of cellular metiltransferazes, it has a central role in maintaining the methylation status of the cell. Clinical presentation of this potentially lethal disorder includes a combination of muscular, neurological and hepatic disorders. Despite the essential activity of AHCY, changes in molecular and cellular mechanisms in the state of AHCY deficiency have so far been poorly investigated. The aim of this doctoral thesis is the analysis and understanding of molecular and cellular roles of AHCY and prediction of potential disease biomarkers. Materials and methods/methodological approach In this thesis, we performed studies of newly discovered Y328D mutant confirmed in the recent case of AHCY deficiency. Patient fibroblasts were obtained from the mentioned case, however, due to the limitations in experimental work with primary fibroblasts, we prepared, validated and investigated model cellular systems by combining methods ranging from classical biology approach to different omics and high throughput techniques. Results A method that enables visualization of protein interactions in human cells based on fluorescence of two complemented parts of Venus protein fused to proteins of interest was used for the first time to research AHCY protein. It is proven that Y328D mutant lacks the ability to form homodimes in human cells, and the method has been also successfully adapted to high throughput screening of AHCY protein interactors. Further, we report lower levels of mutant AHCY mRNA and protein in patient fibroblasts as well as cells that stably express AHCY mutant proteins. Microscopy revealed higher or lower amounts of mutant AHCY protein in cell nuclei in mentioned cells when compared to wild type. In hepatocellular carcinoma cells with a silenced AHCY expression we report lowered proliferation and migration as well as activation of DNA damage induced cellular pathways. While analyzing the transcriptome and proteome of patient fibroblasts and hepatocellular carcinoma cells with silenced AHCY expression, potential implications of AHCY protein in the pathology of various neurological, hepatic and muscular diseases are recognized, and two potential disease biomarkers are suggested. Conclusions Changes in levels of mutant AHCY mRNA and protein, as well as changed cellular localization of mutant AHCY could be responsible for or contribute to the pathology of the AHCY deficiency. As proposed by our mechanism, AHCY can imapact cellular DNA damage and cell cycle. Two biomarkers are suggested for further research and usage in prognostics and diagnostics of AHCY deficiency.