Ever since his evolutional beginnings, man has coexisted with microorganisms that established a commensal relationship with him and significantly influenced his physiology through metabolic processes. Of all the systems in the human body, the gastrointestinal microbial population is the most well-studied, and it is thought to be involved in the communication axis between the gut and the brain. The scientists’ focus on this concept has largely increased because it is believed that its modulation, caused by the imbalance of intestinal microbiota, greatly affects the development of homeostatic anomalies. Vast portion of research is centered around neurodegenerative diseases, among which Parkinson's stands out. It is a chronic multifactorial disease with more than 7 million patients worldwide experiencing severe motor and non-motor symptoms. The inability to prevent further dopaminergic neuronal loss and currently insufficient knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms are motivational for defining new potential therapeutic targets and treatment approaches. In the last 20 years, the most influential hypothesis of microbiome involvement was based on the idea that a certain gastrointestinal pathogen (or its toxic metabolites/structural elements) causes a permeability increase in the intestinal barrier, as well as the misfolding of the protein α-synuclein, i.e. its transmission via the vagus nerve to the central nervous system where it aggregates, which is characteristic of the Parkinson's disease pathology. Other hypotheses mostly propose that compositional changes in the microbiota or infections with specific pathogens lead to the establishment of a neuroinflammatory state and environment. Although there are examples of progress in the treatment approach which currently mainly focuses on dopamine replacement (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation), much more interdisciplinary effort is needed in order to find a resolutive cure.