SUMMARY Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 1% of the world population. It is characterized by the presence of various and serious symptoms, that mostly appear in early adulthood and lead to deterioration of the life quality of patients and their families. Despite many efforts to understand the neurobiological basis of schizophrenia, the unique pathophysiology of the disorder is still not defined. Given the poor insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disorder, the treatment, using currently available antipsychotics, is not completely successful. Finding new approaches and therapeutic targets is the ultimate aim, which is a significant challenge for scientists. Clinical studies and the collected data indicate that schizophrenia is a largely hereditary disease which depends on multiple candidate genes, each of which contributes with a small individual effect to the susceptibility of the disease. There is a general agreement that different biological, environmental and psychosocial impacts, which accumulate throughout life, may adversely affect genetically susceptible individuals and lead to the development of a mental disorder. Animal model research has shown that gender and choice of the right moment for exposure to different influences have a significant role in determining the outcome of gene and environment interaction. In recent years, special importance has been given to the epigenetic research that has the linking role and mediates the complex interaction between the environmental factors and genes leading to schizophrenia. Also, the development of high-throughput methods such as genomics and proteomics, used for global characterization and quantification of biological molecules, represent a revolution in the research of the molecular neuropathology of schizophrenia. Taking into account the fact that these methods provide an opportunity to understand not only the individual candidate genes but also the role of molecular pathways and the interaction of genes, they are considered to be a promising tool in enabling us to understand the biochemical systems involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this work the present data related to molecular genetics of schizophrenia have been collected, as well as future guidance in this field of research. Numerous studies and data have been explored in order to provide insight into the most important findings that could serve to finally understand the pathophysiology of the disease, hopefully leading to the development of the new therapies for schizophrenia. The integrated approach, which combine the best of numerous different studies, is considered to be very promising, as well as stem cell technology, that is considered to be one of the most prospective research approaches for the development of the future new therapeutic approaches.