Title Uloga optineurina u autofagiji potaknutoj unutarstaničnim bakterijama te interferonom beta
Title (english) The role of optineurin in autophagy induced by intracellular bacteria and interferon beta
Author Valentina Štimac
Mentor Ivana Munitić (mentor)
Committee member Marina Šantić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Antonija Jurak Begonja (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Ivana Munitić (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Rijeka (Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development) Rijeka
Defense date and country 2019-09-17, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES Biotechnology
Abstract Autofagija je stanični proces kojim se sadržaj za razgradnju putem autofagosoma dostavlja do lizosoma. Autofagija je neselektivna u stanju gladovanja, a selektivna kada se stanica susretne sa štetnim sadržajem poput proteinskih agregata, unutarstaničnih patogena i oštećenih organela. Selektivna može dodatno biti potaknuta citokinima, poput interferona (IFN) β. Sadržaj za razgradnju mora biti ubikvitiniran i prepoznat od strane adaptora autofagije, od kojih su najpoznatiji p62 i optineurin. Adaptori autofagije sadržaj za razgradnju povezuju s lipidiranim LC3 (LC3-II) na autofagosomalnoj membrani. Važnost optineurina u autofagiji pokazana je prilikom infekcije bakterijom Salmonella typhimurium jer gubitak funkcije optineurina vodi smanjenom otklanjanju bakterija putem autofagije te njihovoj povećanoj proliferaciji u HeLa staničnoj liniji. Budući da se radi o imortaliziranoj staničnoj liniji, fiziološki značaj optineurina potrebno je analizirati i u primarnim stanicama. Kako bismo analizirali autofagiju u primarnim stanicama mišjeg modela kojemu nedostaje ubikvitin-vežuća regija optineurina (Optn470T/470T), koristili smo unutarstaničnu bakteriju Francisella novicida. Pokazali smo kako optineurin nema ulogu u kinetici rasta ove bakterije unutar 72 sata nakon infekcije makrofaga dobivenih iz koštane srži te embrionalnih fibroblasta. Konfokalnom mikroskopijom smo zabilježili porast optineurin- i p62- pozitivnih vezikula 24 sata nakon infekcije, što sugerira na indukciju autofagije, ali za razliku od S. typhimurium, F. novicida nije bila unutar autofagosoma. Stoga, nismo mogli jasno odrediti značaj autofagije prilikom te infekcije. Nadalje, kako bismo ispitali ima li nedostatak optineurina utjecaja na selektivnu autofagiju potaknutu s interferonom β, koristili smo Neuro2a KO staničnu liniju u kojoj je CRISPR/Cas9 metodom uklonjen gen za optineurin. Autofagiju smo detektirali pomoću reporterskog RFP-GFP-LC3 konstrukta koji prikazuje protok kroz autofagiju. Kvantifikacijom autofagosoma pokazali smo da KO stanice imaju povišenu autofagiju u bazalnim uvjetima i nakon poticanja autofagije s IFN-β. Nadalje, pokazali smo kako nedostatak optineurina ne dovodi do potpunog bloka autofagije, ali da potencijalno postoji djelomični blok, vidljiv kao nakupljanje p62 i LC3-II Western blot metodom, koji je najviše izražen u bazalnim uvjetima. Zaključno, pokazali smo kako optineurin ne utječe na kinetiku rasta F. novicida čime smo pridonijeli boljem razumijevanju životnog ciklusa ove bakterije. Nadalje, uočili smo mogući djelomični blok autofagije u stanicama bez optineurina što posljedično može utjecati na nakupljane agregata proteina, glavnog obilježja neurodegenerativnih bolesti.
Abstract (english) Autophagy is a cellular process in which intracellular cargo is sequestered by autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes. Autophagy is non-selective in times of starvation and selective when cells encounter harmful cargo like protein aggregates, pathogens and damaged organelles. Selective autophagy can be further induced by cytokines, like interferon (IFN) β. Harmful cargo gets ubiquitinated and recognized by autophagy adaptors, e.g. optineurin and p62. Autophagy adaptors deliver the cargo to lipidated LC3 (LC3-II) on autophagosomal membranes. The role of optineurin in selective autophagy was demonstrated in Salmonella typhimurium, where optineurin mutations led to decreased autophagic clearance and increased bacterial proliferation in HeLa cell line. Since this is an immortalized cell line, physiological significance of optineurin needs to be analyzed in primary cells. To analyze autophagy in primary cells from the mouse model lacking the ubiquitin-binding domain of optineurin (Optn470T/470T), we used intracellular bacteria Francisella novicida. We showed that loss of optineurin function does not affect growth kinetics of F. novicida 72 hours post infection in bone marrow derived macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts. We showed increase in numbers of optineurin- and p62-positive vesicles 24 hours post infection by confocal microscopy, suggesting that autophagy was induced to some extent after infection, but unlike S. typhimurium, F. novicida was not detected within autophagosomes. For this reason, the importance of autophagy for this infection it is still unclear. To further test the role of optineurin in selective autophagy induced with interferon β, we used Neuro2a KO cell line in which the optineurin deletion was achieved by CRISPR/Cas9 method. Autophagy was detected with the reporter RFP-GFP-LC3 construct, which allows us to monitor the autophagy flux. Autophagosome numbers were increased in KO cells during basal autophagy and upon induction with IFN-β. Western blot analysis showed that lack of optineurin does not cause a complete block in autophagy. A partial block was detected as a tendency of accumulation of p62 and LC3-II, especially in basal conditions. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that optineurin is not involved in proliferation of F. novicida, leading to better understanding of its life cycle. Furthermore, our results indicate that the lack of optineurin can lead to partial block of autophagy, which could perhaps cause protein aggregation, a main hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords
optineurin
autofagija
Francisella novicida
interferon β
Keywords (english)
optineurin
autophagy
Francisella novicida
interferon β
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:193:018878
Study programme Title: Biotechnology in medicine Study programme type: university Study level: graduate Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra biotehnologije u medicini (magistar/magistra biotehnologije u medicini)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Closed access
Terms of use
Created on 2019-09-19 12:29:38