A spinal cord injury is a very serious damage to the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs due to the impact of an external physical factor. Pathophysiologically, it can be divided into primary and secondary injury phases. The primary injury refers to events immediately following the initial trauma, followed by a cascade of events in the secondary injury. Spinal cord injury is characterized by highly complex, self-propagating, simultaneous molecular mechanisms involving cells of the nervous and immune systems along with other cells. In addition to creating pathophysiological processes, they collectively participate in the protection and repair of damaged tissue. However, due to the extremely limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system, complete recovery after injury is currently not possible, leading to lifelong complications for patients, such as neuropathic pain which is an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience. Current research indicates the significant impact of non-coding RNA molecules in the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms that arise following spinal cord injury, which then act as triggers for the development of neuropathic pain. Further research into non-coding RNA molecules could lead to the discovery of new drug targets for treating neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury.